The nonverbal assessment of personality in five cultures

The Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire, a structured nonverbal measure of Murray's needs, and the Personality Research Form, a standard verbal measure of the same traits, were administered to respondents in five countries: Canada, England, the Netherlands, Norway, and Israel. Analysis of the nonverbal scales showed generally good levels of internal consistency, reliability, and convergent validity when compared against their verbal counterparts. Furthermore, meta-analyses of factor structure of both the nonverbal and verbal inventories showed a very clear organization to the personality traits assessed. The factors, based on data combined across cultures, resembled the Big Five factors of personality.