The Effects of Diverse Interventions on Diabetes Management Among Arabs With Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Aim: To identify, describe, and critically evaluate the effects of various interventions on diabetes management outcomes among Arabs with diabetes. Design: A systematic review. Data Sources: The search was conducted across three databases: PubMed, CINAHL and the Cochrane Collaboration in December 2023. Review Methods: Screening involved randomised controlled trials and nonrandomised studies that focused on the effects of interventions on diabetes management among Arab with diabetes. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist guided the review process. Two researchers independently applied eligibility criteria. Data extraction captured key study details, and methodological quality was assessed using Downs and Black's checklist. This review is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; registration number CRD42024555668). Results: Thirty-five articles were reviewed, yielding 65 outcomes. Effective interventions included personalised care, patient-centred education and direct patient contact through lifestyle modifications, advice, feedback, motivational conversations and calls. These approaches improved haemoglobin A1c, fasting blood glucose, physical activity and medication adherence. Conversely, nonpersonalised remote monitoring and social media interventions showed no significant improvements. Notably, tailored nutritional and physical activity advice positively impacted body mass index and systolic blood pressure among Arab women with diabetes. Conclusion: The findings underscore the effectiveness of personalised care and direct patient contact in optimising diabetes management among Arabs with diabetes. Impact: This review highlights the importance of prioritising direct patient contact over remote methods such as social media in interventions on diabetes management among Arabs with diabetes. It emphasises the need for culturally sensitive approaches, particularly for women. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution, as this study constitutes a review of existing research.