The construction of the Giza pyramids chronicled by human copper contamination

Gamal Younes, David Kaniewski, Nick Marriner, Christophe Morhange, Hader Sheisha, Martin Odler, Yanna Wang, Zhongyuan Chen, Gad El-Qady, Amr Saleem, Alain Véron

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Although the construction of the Giza necropolis necessitated the creation of an extensive array of metal tools, the significance of these early instances of metallurgy, and the contamination they left, has been overlooked in favor of understanding pyramid building techniques. We geochemically analyzed a sediment core from the Khufu harbor, on the Nile floodplain at Giza, Egypt, to track the construction of the necropolis, with a particular focus on copper contamination deriving from metallurgical activities. We found that significant local contamination occurred during the regnal years of Kings Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure, consistent with metalworking during the preparation and construction of the edifices. While the pyramid complex led to the creation of an outstanding cultural legacy for humanity, it also marked the onset of significant human-caused metal contamination at Giza.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)774-778
Number of pages5
JournalGeology
Volume52
Issue number10
DOIs
StatePublished - 2024
Externally publishedYes

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Geological Society of America. For permission to copy, contact [email protected].

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Geology

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