Teacher Responsiveness in Inclusive Education: A Participatory Study of Pedagogical Practice, Well-Being, and Sustainability

This participatory action research study identified concrete responsive teaching practices that create sustainable, inclusive environments for vulnerable youth, focusing on two primary research questions: (1) How do teacher–pupil interactions shape learning experiences, and (2) What specific responsive practices create sustainable, inclusive environments? Thematic analysis of data from eight teacher candidates, eight cooperating teachers, and seven pupils revealed a clear typology of sustainable, responsive practices organized into three core categories. The first category, the socioemotional response category, encompasses crucial practices including boundary-balanced relationships (creating safe spaces with clear expectations), ability-focused trust (communicating persistent belief in pupils’ capabilities), and non-abandonment approaches (illustrating unwavering commitment to each pupil regardless of challenges). The second category, the pedagogical response category, captured two essential practices: individualized learning adaptations (tailoring instruction to specific pupil needs) and strategic instructional pausing (recognizing when emotional needs must precede academic content). The third category, the systemic response category, highlighted the importance of collaborative professional networks, where mutual support among educators creates resilient teaching environments that enhance pupil outcomes. These findings underscore how responsive teacher–pupil interactions create inclusive environments that meet pupils’ academic, social, and emotional needs while fostering sustainable educational practices. This research contributes to sustainable education by (1) operationalizing responsiveness into actionable components for practice, (2) illustrating how sustainable, responsive teaching develops through structured collaborative inquiry, and (3) providing a framework showing how responsive relationships specifically support vulnerable youth in inclusive settings. The emerging themes illuminate how empathetic, responsive relationships build sustainable, inclusive learning environments empowering all participants for long-term development.