Study findings

In this chapter, the authors present the findings across and within countries. They describe external and internal accountability dispositions across countries and according to the teachers’ and principals’ gender and seniority. The authors provide a summary of all findings on predictions of teachers’ and principals’ accountability. They look more in depth into teachers’ and principals’ external accountability dispositions toward two key audiences: parents and school management (in the case of principals it would be the school board). Principals from Spain, similarly to Spanish teachers, scored highest toward parents, and Israeli principals scored highest toward school management. The authors discuss the comparison between teachers’ and principals’ accountability dispositions toward parents and school management. Female teachers in the all-country sample valued both individualism and collectivism more than males. Male principals tended to score higher on individualism and female principals scored higher on collectivism; however, the difference was marginally significant.