Structural rearrangements in wheat (1BS)–rye (1RS) recombinant chromosomes affect gene dosage and root length

Good understanding of the genes controlling root development is required to engineer root systems better adapted to different soil types. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the 1RS.1BL wheat–rye (Secale cereale L.) translocation has been associated with improved drought tolerance and a large root system. However, an isogenic line carrying an interstitial segment from wheat chromosome arm 1BS in the distal region of the 1RS arm (1RS^RW) showed reduced grain yield and shorter roots both in the field and in hydroponic cultures relative to isogenic lines with the complete 1RS arm. In this study, we used exome capture to characterize 1RS^RW and its parental lines T-9 and 1B+40. We show that 1RS^RW has a 7.0 Mb duplicated 1RS region and a 4.8 Mb 1BS insertion colinear with the 1RS duplication, resulting in triplicated genes. Lines homozygous for 1RS^RW have short seminal roots, while lines heterozygous for this chromosome have roots of intermediate length. By contrast, near-isogenic lines carrying only the 1BS distal region or the 1RS-1BS duplication have long seminal roots similar to 1RS, suggesting a limited effect of the 1BS genes. These results suggest that the dosage of duplicated 1RS genes is critical for seminal root length. An induced deletion encompassing 38 orthologous wheat and rye duplicated genes restored root length and confirmed the importance of gene dosage in the short-root phenotype. We explored the expression profiles and functional annotation of these genes and discuss their potential as candidate genes for the regulation of seminal root length in wheat.