State Mindfulness Scale (SMS)

The Satipatṭhāna Sutta describes mindfulness as a mental state characterized by the objects of mindful awareness (i.e., what experience a person attends to) and mental qualities of that mindful awareness (i.e., how a person attends to experience). In contemporary psychology, mindfulness is often similarly conceptualized as a trait or a state characterized by two components: attention of physical/bodily and mental present-moment experience (i.e., what experience a person attends to) and a mental attitude characterized by curiosity and acceptance of present-moment experience (i.e., how a person attends to experience; Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, Carlson L, Anderson ND, Carmody J, Devins G. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice; Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 11:230-241, 2004; Lindsay EK, Creswell JD. Clinical Psychology Review 51:48-59, 2017). Integrating these canonical and contemporary theoretical perspectives, Tanay and Bernstein (Psychological Assessment 25:1286-1299, 2013) developed the State Mindfulness Scale (SMS). The SMS is a 21-item self-report measure designed to assess state mindfulness. More specifically, the SMS is designed to quantify subjective levels of present-moment attention to and awareness of two domains of experiential events or objects of which one may be mindful, bodily sensations and mental events, during a specific period of time (e.g., past 15 min) and context (e.g., mindfulness meditation or other activity). In this chapter, we review the theoretical foundations, development, initial validation, and subsequent psychometric study of the SMS. We also describe the SMS administration and scoring, and briefly, the limitations and possible next steps for the psychometric study of the SMS and the measurement of state mindfulness more broadly.