Abstract
In recent years, more and more emphasis has been placed on the investigation of sex differences in the human brain. Noninvasive neuroimaging techniques represent an essential tool in the effort to better understand the effects of sex on both brain structure and function. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the findings that were collected in human neuroimaging studies in vivo thus far: we explore sexual dimorphism in the human brain at the level of (1) brain structure, in both gray and white matter, observed by voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), respectively; (2) baseline neural activity, studied using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET); (3) neurochemistry, visualized by means of neuroreceptor ligand PET; and (4) task-related neural activation, investigated using fMRI. Functional MRI findings from the literature are complemented by our own meta-analysis of fMRI studies on sex-specific differences in human emotional processing. Specifically, we used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) to provide a quantitative approach to mapping the consistency of neural networks involved in emotional processing across studies. The presented evidence for sex-specific differences in neural structure and function highlights the importance of modeling sex as a contributing factor in the analysis of brain-related data.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 366-375 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
Volume | 31 |
Issue number | 3 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Apr 2013 |
Externally published | Yes |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:This research received project and salary support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH) fellowship and from the Society in Science, The Branco Weiss Fellowship, administered by the ETH Zürich, to J.S. and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany ( FKZ: 01EO1001 ), research grant to J.N.
Keywords
- Human brain
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Neuroimaging
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- Sex differences
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biophysics
- Biomedical Engineering
- Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging