Reconstructing Lifeways and Social Differentiation in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Population of Nahal Yarmuth 38, Central Israel

Objectives: This study presents a bioarcheological analysis of skeletal remains from Nahal Yarmuth 38 (NY38), a distinctive Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site in central Israel. The research aimed to reveal the demographic composition, origins, and lifeways of the NY38 people, to contextualize the site's unique archeological features within broader regional frameworks. Materials and Methods: Osteobiographical analyses reconstructed daily life aspects, including physical activity, dietary habits, and physiological stress. Burial practices were classified by type, body position, and architectural contexts and examined alongside demographic and biological data. Sex and age were estimated where preservation permitted, and ancient DNA analyses explored biological origins. Lifestyle and stress were evaluated through femoral midshaft cross-sectional geometry analysis, musculoskeletal stress markers, dental disease and wear, and physiological stress indicators (enamel hypoplasia, stature, and relative medullary cavity area). Pathological bone lesions were also documented. Results: The NY38 population was local and sedentary, yet engaged in physically demanding, possibly hunting-related activities. Evidence suggests an age-structured social organization and a sex-based division of labor. Physiological stress indicators revealed a challenging environment throughout life, though the survival of individuals despite the stress events suggests biological resilience. Various nonspecific pathological lesions were also identified. Discussion: The integration of archeological and osteological data, such as a small site area, high burial density, absence of residential activity, relatively low infant mortality despite persistent physiological burdens, and distinctive mortuary treatments for selected individuals, supports the interpretation that NY38 functioned as a designated burial ground rather than a habitation site.