Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

The incidence of Pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia (PCP) may rise due to a more extensive use of immunosuppressive therapy. Information and guidelines in the last decade regarding prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease were based upon data collected in patients with Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). However, scientific data regarding risk factors, clinical manifestations and treatment of PCP in patients without AIDS is accumulating. The major risk factors for acquiring PCP are hematological malignancies and treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, especially corticosteroids. The clinical course deteriorates more rapidly than in patients with AIDS and many patients have other opportunistic coinfections, especially with Cytomegalovirus and Candida. The duration of treatment may be shorter and drug tolerance is usually better than in patients with AIDS. However, mortality remains high even with appropriate treatment and necessitates a high index of suspicion and the use of empiric treatment even before a definitive diagnosis is made.