Abstract
Understanding which cellular compartments are influenced during neuromodulation underpins any rational effort to explain and optimize outcomes. Axon terminals have long been speculated to be sensitive to polarization, but experimentally informed models for CNS stimulation are lacking. We conducted simultaneous intracellular recording from the neuron soma and axon terminal (blebs) during extracellular stimulation with weak sustained (DC) uniform electric fields in mouse cortical slices. Use of weak direct current stimulation (DCS) allowed isolation and quantification of changes in axon terminal biophysics, relevant to both suprathreshold (e.g., deep brain stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation) and subthreshold (e.g., transcranial DCS and transcranial alternating current stimulation) neuromodulation approaches. Axon terminals polarized with sensitivity (mV of membrane polarization per V/m electric field) 4 times than somas. Even weak polarization (<2 mV) of axon terminals significantly changes action potential dynamics (including amplitude, duration, conduction velocity) in response to an intracellular pulse. Regarding a cellular theory of neuromodulation, we explain how suprathreshold CNS stimulation activates the action potential at terminals while subthreshold approaches modulate synaptic efficacy through axon terminal polarization. We demonstrate that by virtue of axon polarization and resulting changes in action potential dynamics, neuromodulation can influence analog–digital information processing.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 2786-2794 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 28 |
Issue number | 8 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 1 Aug 2018 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Israel Science Foundation (grant number 287/15), the United States Department of Defense (grant number FA9550-13-1-0073), and the National Institutes of Health (grant numbers 1R01NS101362-01, 1R01MH111896-01, and 1R01NS095123-01).
Publisher Copyright:
© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
Keywords
- Action potential properties
- Analogue–digital information processing
- Axon bleb
- Membrane polarization modeling
- Threshold latency
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cognitive Neuroscience
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience