Molecular description of scorpion toxin interaction with voltage–gated sodium channels

Michael Gurevitz, Dalia Gordon, Maya Gur Barzilai, Roy Kahn, Lior Cohen, Yehu Moran, Noam Zilberberg, Oren Froy, Hagit Altman-Gueta, Michael Turkov, Ke Dong, Izhar Karbat

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceedingChapterpeer-review

Abstract

Scorpion alpha and beta toxins interact with voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) at two pharmacologically distinct sites. Alpha toxins bind at receptor site 3 and inhibit channel inactivation, whereas beta toxins bind at receptor site 4 and shift the voltage-dependent activation toward more hyperpolarizing potentials. The two toxin classes are subdivided to distinct pharmacological groups according to their binding preferences and competition for receptor sites at Nav subtypes. To elucidate the surface of interaction of the two toxin classes with Navs and clarify the molecular basis of varying toxin preferences, an efficient expression system was established. Mutagenesis accompanied by toxicity, binding, and electrophysiological assays, in parallel to determination of the three-dimensional structure using NMR and X-ray crystallography, uncovered the bioactive surfaces of toxin representatives of all pharmacological groups. Exchange of external loops between channels that exhibit marked differences in sensitivity to various toxins accompanied by point mutagenesis highlighted channel determinants that play a role in toxin selectivity. These data were used in further mapping of the brain channel rNav1.2a receptor sites for the beta-toxin Css4 (from Centruroides suffusus suffusus) and the alpha-toxin Lqh2 (from Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus). On the basis of channel mutations that affected Css4 activity, the known structure of the toxin and its bioactive surface, and using the structure of a potassium channel as template, a structural model of Css4 interaction with the gating module of domain II was constructed. This initial model was the first step in the identification of part of receptor site 4. In parallel, a swapping and a mutagenesis approach employing the rNav1.2a mammalian and DmNav1 insect Navs and the toxin Lqh2 as a probe were used to search for receptor site 3. The channel mapping along with toxin dissociation assays and double-mutant cycle analyses using toxin and channel mutants identified the gating module of domain IV as the site of interaction with the toxin core domain, thus describing the docking orientation of an alpha toxin at the channel surface.

Original languageEnglish
Title of host publicationScorpion Venoms
PublisherSpringer Netherlands
Pages471-491
Number of pages21
ISBN (Electronic)9789400764040
ISBN (Print)9789400764033
DOIs
StatePublished - 1 Jan 2015
Externally publishedYes

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015.

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Medicine
  • General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
  • General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
  • General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

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