Modern ultra-orthodoxy? A critical reassessment

In the study on Ultra-Orthodox society in Israel, there is a consensus that processes such as acquiring higher education, entering the workforce, and increased direct contact with mainstream Israeli society herald the “modernization” of segments within the Haredi community. This paper aims to critically reconsider this concept through research among activists and leaders of Haredi civil society, who could potentially serve as agents of change, liberalism, and democracy. This study, based on a survey of 142 ultra-orthodox civil society activists and semi-structured interviews with 40 leaders of ultra-orthodox civil society organizations, challenges the existing literature and the notion of “modern Ultra-Orthodoxy.” It proposes a re-examination of these processes. The research investigates the extent to which increased integration into Israeli society truly reflects modernization or liberalization of ultra-orthodox worldviews. By focusing on those at the forefront of ultra-orthodox civic engagement, this study provides new insights into the dynamics of change within Ultra-Orthodox communities. The findings suggest a more nuanced understanding of ultra-orthodox adaptation to challenges, revealing that increased participation in secular spheres does not necessarily correlate with ideological shifts. This research contributes to the debate on religious conservatism and offers a fresh perspective on change within Haredi society.