Middle Bronze Age II Battleaxes from Rishon LeZion, Israel: Archaeology and metallurgy

S. Shalev; E. N. Caspi; S. Shilstein; A. M. Paradowska; W. Kockelmann; T. Kan-Cipor Meron; Y. Levy

doi:10.1111/arcm.12015

Middle Bronze Age II Battleaxes from Rishon LeZion, Israel: Archaeology and metallurgy

S. Shalev, E. N. Caspi, S. Shilstein, A. M. Paradowska, W. Kockelmann, T. Kan-Cipor Meron, Y. Levy

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Thirteen bronze battleaxes from Middle Bronze Age II graves at Rishon LeZion, Israel were analysed by ED XRF at multiple surface locations in order to determine their metallurgical composition. Six of these were further subjected to neutron diffraction using an ENGIN-X diffractometer in order to determine bulk phase composition. The results indicate that the previously established geographical and chronological variability in Sn-Cu (with occasional Pb) and As-Cu alloys found using the former method may be an artefact of preservation and conservation. In addition, the varying homogeneity determined by the latter reflects special treatment for improving on the metal cast.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	279-295
Number of pages	17
Journal	Archaeometry
Volume	56
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12015
State	Published - Apr 2014

Keywords

Archaeometallurgy
Arsenical copper
Eastern Mediterranean
Israel
Leaded-bronze
Levant
Middle Bronze Age metals
Neutron diffraction
Tin-bronze
XRF

ASJC Scopus subject areas

History
Archaeology

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10.1111/arcm.12015

Cite this

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title = "Middle Bronze Age II Battleaxes from Rishon LeZion, Israel: Archaeology and metallurgy",

abstract = "Thirteen bronze battleaxes from Middle Bronze Age II graves at Rishon LeZion, Israel were analysed by ED XRF at multiple surface locations in order to determine their metallurgical composition. Six of these were further subjected to neutron diffraction using an ENGIN-X diffractometer in order to determine bulk phase composition. The results indicate that the previously established geographical and chronological variability in Sn-Cu (with occasional Pb) and As-Cu alloys found using the former method may be an artefact of preservation and conservation. In addition, the varying homogeneity determined by the latter reflects special treatment for improving on the metal cast.",

keywords = "Archaeometallurgy, Arsenical copper, Eastern Mediterranean, Israel, Leaded-bronze, Levant, Middle Bronze Age metals, Neutron diffraction, Tin-bronze, XRF",

author = "S. Shalev and Caspi, {E. N.} and S. Shilstein and Paradowska, {A. M.} and W. Kockelmann and {Kan-Cipor Meron}, T. and Y. Levy",

year = "2014",

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doi = "10.1111/arcm.12015",

language = "English",

volume = "56",

pages = "279--295",

journal = "Archaeometry",

issn = "0003-813X",

publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Middle Bronze Age II Battleaxes from Rishon LeZion, Israel

T2 - Archaeology and metallurgy

AU - Shalev, S.

AU - Caspi, E. N.

AU - Shilstein, S.

AU - Paradowska, A. M.

AU - Kockelmann, W.

AU - Kan-Cipor Meron, T.

AU - Levy, Y.

PY - 2014/4

Y1 - 2014/4

N2 - Thirteen bronze battleaxes from Middle Bronze Age II graves at Rishon LeZion, Israel were analysed by ED XRF at multiple surface locations in order to determine their metallurgical composition. Six of these were further subjected to neutron diffraction using an ENGIN-X diffractometer in order to determine bulk phase composition. The results indicate that the previously established geographical and chronological variability in Sn-Cu (with occasional Pb) and As-Cu alloys found using the former method may be an artefact of preservation and conservation. In addition, the varying homogeneity determined by the latter reflects special treatment for improving on the metal cast.

AB - Thirteen bronze battleaxes from Middle Bronze Age II graves at Rishon LeZion, Israel were analysed by ED XRF at multiple surface locations in order to determine their metallurgical composition. Six of these were further subjected to neutron diffraction using an ENGIN-X diffractometer in order to determine bulk phase composition. The results indicate that the previously established geographical and chronological variability in Sn-Cu (with occasional Pb) and As-Cu alloys found using the former method may be an artefact of preservation and conservation. In addition, the varying homogeneity determined by the latter reflects special treatment for improving on the metal cast.

KW - Archaeometallurgy

KW - Arsenical copper

KW - Eastern Mediterranean

KW - Israel

KW - Leaded-bronze

KW - Levant

KW - Middle Bronze Age metals

KW - Neutron diffraction

KW - Tin-bronze

KW - XRF

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U2 - 10.1111/arcm.12015

DO - 10.1111/arcm.12015

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SN - 0003-813X

VL - 56

SP - 279

EP - 295

JO - Archaeometry

JF - Archaeometry

IS - 2

ER -

Middle Bronze Age II Battleaxes from Rishon LeZion, Israel: Archaeology and metallurgy

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Keywords

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