Introducing dynamics into coastal recreational management: Humans-sharks interactions case study

Area-based management tools, including marine protected areas (MPAs) and time-area closures, are accepted and effective forms of management utilized to mitigate local human impacts on marine species and ecosystems. In the Hadera Stream estuary in Israel, two vulnerable shark species aggregate every winter in a highly active coastal area frequented by snorkelers, SCUBA divers, recreational fishers, and motorized and non-motorized water sports enthusiasts. The interaction between humans and sharks raises important concerns for the safety of individuals near these apex predators and for the sharks' welfare. The Hadera Stream estuary, impacted by heated water discharged from the nearby Hadera power station, experiences significant anthropogenic effects, leading the Israeli Nature and Parks Authority to disqualify it from designation as an MPA. By employing the Delphi technique with relevant experts, we identified activities posing the greatest threats in human-shark interactions. Using this information, we have proposed restricting human activities to only during specific times. Our research findings provide valuable insights for potential regulators. This study represents the initial step in promoting area-based conservation in Israel, aiming to dynamically balance human recreational needs with shark conservation. The study underscores how utilizing specific technological advancements in shark tracking can advance an ecosystem-based approach, enabling tailored management practices that account for both conservation and recreational uses.