Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Cardiovascular Health and Hypertension

Cardiovascular diseases are characterized by high rates of morbidity and mortality. Micro-biota are closely associated with cardiovascular disease. There is much evidence that supports the aetiology of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and related risk states such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery diseases, myocardial infarction, obesity or dyslipidaemia, heart failure, chronic kidney diseases, and diabetes mellitus may be influenced by gut microbial dysbiosis. In addition to dysbiosis, the metabolic potential of gut micro-biota (producing bioactive metabolites) also has an effect on host physiology since it enters the systemic circulation and may amplify the inflammatory response. Moreover, it has been shown to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. There are several mechanisms by which the micro-biota communicates with the host, including the trimethylamine/trimethylamine N-oxide pathway, the short-chain fatty acid pathway, and the primary and secondary bile acid pathways. It has been hypothesized that these pathways may also play a role in the development of cardiovascular disease. This chapter is mostly about learning about the dynamic relationship between the gut micro-biota and cardiovascular disease, with a focus on the pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic implications of hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery diseases, myocardial infarction, obesity or dyslipidaemia, heart failure, chronic kidney diseases, and diabetes mellitus.