Haptoglobin phenotype and diabetic nephropathy

Aims/hypothesis. To determine if the haptoglobin 2 allele is associated with an increased risk for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Methods. This study included 110 consecutive normotensive subjects with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus seen in two outpatient clinics in Israel. Diabetes duration was greater than 10 years for Type I diabetes and more than 5 years for Type II diabetic subjects. Microalbuminuria was defined as urinary protein excretion of 30 to 300 mg/24 h, and macroalbuminuria was defined as urinary protein excretion of greater than 300 mg/24 h. Serum was taken from subjects for haptoglobin typing by gel electrophoresis. Results. Of the participating subjects 54 had Type I and 56 had Type II diabetes. None (0/18) of the subjects homozygous for the haptoglobin 1 allele (1-1) showed any sign of diabetic nephropathy, as compared with 34% (19/55) of subjects homozygous for the haptoglobin 2 allele (2-2) and 27% (10/37) of heterozygous subjects (2-1) (p < 0.04). Of the subjects 29 showed macroalbuminuria. The risk of developing macroalbuminuria was found to be greater in subjects with two haptoglobin 2 alleles (22%) (12/55) as compared with one haptoglobin 2 allele (8%) (3/37) or no haptoglobin 2 alleles (0%) (0/18) (p < 0.03). Conclusion/interpretation. By showing a graded risk relation to the number of haptoglobin 2 alleles in Type I and Type II diabetic subjects, these studies further support our hypothesis that the haptoglobin phenotype is a major susceptibility gene for the development of diabetic nephropathy.