Fundamental physics opportunities with future ground-based mm/sub-mm VLBI arrays

Dimitry Ayzenberg; Lindy Blackburn; Richard Brito; Silke Britzen; Avery E. Broderick; Raúl Carballo-Rubio; Vitor Cardoso; Andrew Chael; Koushik Chatterjee; Yifan Chen; Pedro V.P. Cunha; Hooman Davoudiasl; Peter B. Denton; Sheperd S. Doeleman; Astrid Eichhorn; Marshall Eubanks; Yun Fang; Arianna Foschi; Christian M. Fromm; Peter Galison; Sushant G. Ghosh; Roman Gold; Leonid I. Gurvits; Shahar Hadar; Aaron Held; Janice Houston; Yichao Hu; Michael D. Johnson; Prashant Kocherlakota; Priyamvada Natarajan; Héctor Olivares; Daniel Palumbo; Dominic W. Pesce; Surjeet Rajendran; Rittick Roy; Saurabh; Lijing Shao; Shammi Tahura; Aditya Tamar; Paul Tiede; Frédéric H. Vincent; Luca Visinelli; Zhiren Wang; Maciek Wielgus; Xiao Xue; Kadri Yakut; Huan Yang; Ziri Younsi

doi:10.1007/s41114-025-00057-0

Fundamental physics opportunities with future ground-based mm/sub-mm VLBI arrays

Dimitry Ayzenberg, Lindy Blackburn, Richard Brito, Silke Britzen, Avery E. Broderick, Raúl Carballo-Rubio, Vitor Cardoso, Andrew Chael, Koushik Chatterjee, Yifan Chen, Pedro V.P. Cunha, Hooman Davoudiasl, Peter B. Denton, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Astrid Eichhorn, Marshall Eubanks, Yun Fang, Arianna Foschi, Christian M. Fromm, Peter GalisonSushant G. Ghosh, Roman Gold, Leonid I. Gurvits, Shahar Hadar, Aaron Held, Janice Houston, Yichao Hu, Michael D. Johnson, Prashant Kocherlakota, Priyamvada Natarajan, Héctor Olivares, Daniel Palumbo, Dominic W. Pesce, Surjeet Rajendran, Rittick Roy, Saurabh, Lijing Shao, Shammi Tahura, Aditya Tamar, Paul Tiede, Frédéric H. Vincent, Luca Visinelli, Zhiren Wang, Maciek Wielgus, Xiao Xue, Kadri Yakut, Huan Yang, Ziri Younsi

Department of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science (Oranim Campus)

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration recently published the first images of the supermassive black holes in the cores of the Messier 87 and Milky Way galaxies. These observations have provided a new means to study supermassive black holes and probe physical processes occurring in the strong-field regime. We review the prospects of future observations and theoretical studies of supermassive black hole systems. Current ground-based very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) arrays like the EHT and proposed future extensions like the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope will greatly enhance the capabilities of black-hole imaging interferometry. These enhancements will open up several previously inaccessible avenues of investigation, thereby providing important new insights into the properties of supermassive black holes and their environments. This review describes the current state of knowledge for five key science cases, summarising the unique challenges and opportunities for fundamental physics investigations that future mm/sub-mm VLBI developments will enable.

Original language	English
Article number	4
Journal	Living Reviews in Relativity
Volume	28
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-025-00057-0
State	Published - Dec 2025

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2025.

Keywords

Alternative theories
Black holes
Experimental tests
General relativity
Gravity
Observational tests

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)

Access to Document

10.1007/s41114-025-00057-0

Cite this

Ayzenberg, D., Blackburn, L., Brito, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Carballo-Rubio, R., Cardoso, V., Chael, A., Chatterjee, K., Chen, Y., Cunha, P. V. P., Davoudiasl, H., Denton, P. B., Doeleman, S. S., Eichhorn, A., Eubanks, M., Fang, Y., Foschi, A., Fromm, C. M., ... Younsi, Z. (2025). Fundamental physics opportunities with future ground-based mm/sub-mm VLBI arrays. Living Reviews in Relativity, 28(1), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-025-00057-0

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title = "Fundamental physics opportunities with future ground-based mm/sub-mm VLBI arrays",

abstract = "The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration recently published the first images of the supermassive black holes in the cores of the Messier 87 and Milky Way galaxies. These observations have provided a new means to study supermassive black holes and probe physical processes occurring in the strong-field regime. We review the prospects of future observations and theoretical studies of supermassive black hole systems. Current ground-based very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) arrays like the EHT and proposed future extensions like the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope will greatly enhance the capabilities of black-hole imaging interferometry. These enhancements will open up several previously inaccessible avenues of investigation, thereby providing important new insights into the properties of supermassive black holes and their environments. This review describes the current state of knowledge for five key science cases, summarising the unique challenges and opportunities for fundamental physics investigations that future mm/sub-mm VLBI developments will enable.",

keywords = "Alternative theories, Black holes, Experimental tests, General relativity, Gravity, Observational tests",

author = "Dimitry Ayzenberg and Lindy Blackburn and Richard Brito and Silke Britzen and Broderick, {Avery E.} and Ra{\'u}l Carballo-Rubio and Vitor Cardoso and Andrew Chael and Koushik Chatterjee and Yifan Chen and Cunha, {Pedro V.P.} and Hooman Davoudiasl and Denton, {Peter B.} and Doeleman, {Sheperd S.} and Astrid Eichhorn and Marshall Eubanks and Yun Fang and Arianna Foschi and Fromm, {Christian M.} and Peter Galison and Ghosh, {Sushant G.} and Roman Gold and Gurvits, {Leonid I.} and Shahar Hadar and Aaron Held and Janice Houston and Yichao Hu and Johnson, {Michael D.} and Prashant Kocherlakota and Priyamvada Natarajan and H{\'e}ctor Olivares and Daniel Palumbo and Pesce, {Dominic W.} and Surjeet Rajendran and Rittick Roy and Saurabh and Lijing Shao and Shammi Tahura and Aditya Tamar and Paul Tiede and Vincent, {Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric H.} and Luca Visinelli and Zhiren Wang and Maciek Wielgus and Xiao Xue and Kadri Yakut and Huan Yang and Ziri Younsi",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2025.",

year = "2025",

month = dec,

doi = "10.1007/s41114-025-00057-0",

language = "English",

volume = "28",

journal = "Living Reviews in Relativity",

issn = "2367-3613",

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Ayzenberg, D, Blackburn, L, Brito, R, Britzen, S, Broderick, AE, Carballo-Rubio, R, Cardoso, V, Chael, A, Chatterjee, K, Chen, Y, Cunha, PVP, Davoudiasl, H, Denton, PB, Doeleman, SS, Eichhorn, A, Eubanks, M, Fang, Y, Foschi, A, Fromm, CM, Galison, P, Ghosh, SG, Gold, R, Gurvits, LI, Hadar, S, Held, A, Houston, J, Hu, Y, Johnson, MD, Kocherlakota, P, Natarajan, P, Olivares, H, Palumbo, D, Pesce, DW, Rajendran, S, Roy, R, Saurabh, Shao, L, Tahura, S, Tamar, A, Tiede, P, Vincent, FH, Visinelli, L, Wang, Z, Wielgus, M, Xue, X, Yakut, K, Yang, H & Younsi, Z 2025, 'Fundamental physics opportunities with future ground-based mm/sub-mm VLBI arrays', Living Reviews in Relativity, vol. 28, no. 1, 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-025-00057-0

TY - JOUR

T1 - Fundamental physics opportunities with future ground-based mm/sub-mm VLBI arrays

AU - Ayzenberg, Dimitry

AU - Blackburn, Lindy

AU - Brito, Richard

AU - Britzen, Silke

AU - Broderick, Avery E.

AU - Carballo-Rubio, Raúl

AU - Cardoso, Vitor

AU - Chael, Andrew

AU - Chatterjee, Koushik

AU - Chen, Yifan

AU - Cunha, Pedro V.P.

AU - Davoudiasl, Hooman

AU - Denton, Peter B.

AU - Doeleman, Sheperd S.

AU - Eichhorn, Astrid

AU - Eubanks, Marshall

AU - Fang, Yun

AU - Foschi, Arianna

AU - Fromm, Christian M.

AU - Galison, Peter

AU - Ghosh, Sushant G.

AU - Gold, Roman

AU - Gurvits, Leonid I.

AU - Hadar, Shahar

AU - Held, Aaron

AU - Houston, Janice

AU - Hu, Yichao

AU - Johnson, Michael D.

AU - Kocherlakota, Prashant

AU - Natarajan, Priyamvada

AU - Olivares, Héctor

AU - Palumbo, Daniel

AU - Pesce, Dominic W.

AU - Rajendran, Surjeet

AU - Roy, Rittick

AU - Saurabh,

AU - Shao, Lijing

AU - Tahura, Shammi

AU - Tamar, Aditya

AU - Tiede, Paul

AU - Vincent, Frédéric H.

AU - Visinelli, Luca

AU - Wang, Zhiren

AU - Wielgus, Maciek

AU - Xue, Xiao

AU - Yakut, Kadri

AU - Yang, Huan

AU - Younsi, Ziri

PY - 2025/12

Y1 - 2025/12

N2 - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration recently published the first images of the supermassive black holes in the cores of the Messier 87 and Milky Way galaxies. These observations have provided a new means to study supermassive black holes and probe physical processes occurring in the strong-field regime. We review the prospects of future observations and theoretical studies of supermassive black hole systems. Current ground-based very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) arrays like the EHT and proposed future extensions like the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope will greatly enhance the capabilities of black-hole imaging interferometry. These enhancements will open up several previously inaccessible avenues of investigation, thereby providing important new insights into the properties of supermassive black holes and their environments. This review describes the current state of knowledge for five key science cases, summarising the unique challenges and opportunities for fundamental physics investigations that future mm/sub-mm VLBI developments will enable.

AB - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration recently published the first images of the supermassive black holes in the cores of the Messier 87 and Milky Way galaxies. These observations have provided a new means to study supermassive black holes and probe physical processes occurring in the strong-field regime. We review the prospects of future observations and theoretical studies of supermassive black hole systems. Current ground-based very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) arrays like the EHT and proposed future extensions like the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope will greatly enhance the capabilities of black-hole imaging interferometry. These enhancements will open up several previously inaccessible avenues of investigation, thereby providing important new insights into the properties of supermassive black holes and their environments. This review describes the current state of knowledge for five key science cases, summarising the unique challenges and opportunities for fundamental physics investigations that future mm/sub-mm VLBI developments will enable.

KW - Alternative theories

KW - Black holes

KW - Experimental tests

KW - General relativity

KW - Gravity

KW - Observational tests

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105007825375&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1007/s41114-025-00057-0

DO - 10.1007/s41114-025-00057-0

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105007825375

SN - 2367-3613

VL - 28

JO - Living Reviews in Relativity

JF - Living Reviews in Relativity

IS - 1

M1 - 4

ER -

Fundamental physics opportunities with future ground-based mm/sub-mm VLBI arrays

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

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