Farmers’ perceptions of coexisting with a predator assemblage: Quantification, characterization, and recommendations for human-carnivore conflict mitigation

Human-Carnivore Conflicts (HCC) are a critical concern for the conservation of both species and habitats, as well as the livelihoods of farmers. This underscores the need for comprehensive research that examines how farmers perceive their interactions with wildlife. Our study aims to present three strategies for dealing with HCC to policymakers, state or regional authorities, and farmers. These strategies are based on a thorough examination and categorization of how farmers view their interactions with a diverse group of predators. Due to an ongoing HCC between farmers at northern Israel and local carnivore species we conducted an online survey with 46 farmers from this region and utilized an in-depth Exploratory Factorial Analysis to identify potential solutions to mitigate conflicts between humans and carnivores. Our findings unveiled the complex nature of these interactions from the farmers’ perspective. They stressed the importance of achieving a delicate equilibrium between wildlife conservation and farmers’ requirements. Through our analysis, we identified three key strategies that farmers perceive as effective in reducing Human-Carnivore conflicts: 1. The implementation of compensation schemes and improved collaboration between farmers and authorities; 2. Advancements in Research and Development (R&D) and the utilization of technological solutions; 3. A preference for simple, low-tech solutions. These strategies offer a valuable framework for authorities and policymakers to assess conflict mitigation options. Furthermore, our study shed light on the relatively low level of trust that farmers have in major wildlife management authorities and governmental offices. This highlights the significance of incorporating farmers’ perspectives and strategies into human-wildlife interaction management plans, while also building trust, to foster stronger relationships that benefit both wildlife conservation and farmers’ livelihoods.