Environment and Brain Interactions: Typical Development of Learning and Memory Networks From Fetus to Age Two

The early years of life show remarkable brain development and cognitive growth. During this time, the foundations for learning and memory are established, driven by the intricate interplay of various brain structures. Understanding the neuroanatomy of infant learning and retention is crucial in elucidating how these processes evolve and contribute to lifelong cognitive capabilities. Herein, we review the complex processes of brain development, learning and memory in the fetus, and during the first two years of life postpartum. Neural connections and key brain structures start to form during the fetal stage and continue after birth. We discuss how fetuses, infants, and toddlers absorb stimuli from their environment and develop learning and memory capabilities. We also provide an updated review of recent research findings in the field, presenting the latest insights into the development of learning and memory in the fetus and infants. In addition, we compare changes in learning and memory with electroencephalography findings from early childhood.