Abstract
Background: Poor sleep health, including sleep deficiency and sleep disturbance, is common among employed adults in the U.S. and is associated with undesirable workplace outcomes. Adoption of workplace health promotion programs (WHPPs) is increasing, yet few programs aim to reduce fatigue or improve sleep among employees. Objective: We analyzed data from the nationally representative 2017 Centers for Disease Control Workplace Health in America poll to identify the prevalence of sleep enhancement or fatigue reduction WHPPs and the characteristics of employers that offer these programs. Method: A stratified random sample of nationally-representative worksites with ≥10 employees was generated. It comprised 2,843 worksites. Worksite representatives reported workplace characteristics, health promotion activities, and the likelihood of offering WHPPs relating to sleep enhancement or fatigue reduction. Logistic regression analyses were utilized to identify characteristics associated with offering a sleep enhancement or fatigue reduction WHPP, controlling for WHPP budget and size of the company, and contingent on worksites having a comprehensive workplace health plan. Results: Less than 1 in 10 worksites (10%) reported offering a sleep enhancement or fatigue reduction WHPP. Worksites most likely to offer a sleep-focused WHPP were those in retail, wholesale, or technology industries (OR = 2.71, 95%CI: 1.08-6.8) vs. those in the finance, information, technology industries; those with a large WHPP budget (>$500,000, OR = 6.85, 95%CI: 2.1-22.35) vs. those with no budget; and those that had visible support of WHPP initiatives from senior leadership (OR = 4.74, 95%CI: 1.91-11.75) vs. those without such support. Conclusions: Our results highlight how few worksites reported offering sleep-focused programs for their employees. Those worksites that did feature such programs, were commonly well-resourced and had senior leadership support for WHPP initiatives in general. Future research should consider working directly with leaders to expand the implementation of employee sleep enhancement and fatigue reduction WHPPs.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 503-513 |
| Number of pages | 11 |
| Journal | American Journal of Health Promotion |
| Volume | 35 |
| Issue number | 4 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - May 2021 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Authors disclose all industry relationships below, in accordance with ICMJE recommendations. Dr. Robbins has received consulting fees from Denihan Hospitality, Dagmejan, Asystem, Rituals Cosmetics, SleepCycle, and Florida Hospital. Dr. Quan reports personal fees from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, from null, outside the submitted work. Dr Barger is on the scientific advisory board for CurAegis Technologies. She has received consulting fees from University of Pittsburgh, Sygma, Insight and Puget Sound Pilots. Dr. Czeisler reports grants to BWH from FAA, NHLBI, NIA, NIOSH, NASA, and DOD; is/was a paid consultant to AARP (2018), American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine (2017, 2018), Eisenhower Medical Center (2018), Emory University (2019), Ganésco, Inc. (2017), Inselspital Bern (2019), Institute of Digital Media and Child Development (2017, 2018, 2019), Klarman Family Foundation (2017, 2018, 2019), M. Davis and Co (2018), Physician's Seal (2019), Samsung (2016), Sleep Research Society Foundation (2019), State of Washington Board of Pilotage Commissioners (2018), Tencent Holdings Ltd (2019), Teva Pharma Australia (2019, 2020), UC San Diego (2018), University of Michigan (2017), University of Washington (2017, 2018), and Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020), in which Dr. Czeisler also holds an equity interest; received travel support from Annenberg Center for Health Sciences at Eisenhower (2018), Aspen Brain Institute (2018), Bloomage International Investment Group, Inc. (2018, 2019), UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (2019), Bouley Botanical (2017, 2018, 2019), Dr. Stanley Ho Medical Development Foundation (2019), European Biological Rhythms Society (2017, 2019), German National Academy of Sciences (Leopoldina) (2019), Illuminating Engineering Society (2018), National Safey Council (2017, 2018, 2019), National Sleep Foundation (2017, 2018, 2019), Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (2018), Sleep Research Society Foundation (2018), Stanford Medical School Alumni Association (2019), Tencent Holdings Ltd (2019), University of Zurich (2018), and Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc (2017, 2018, 2019), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (2018), National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (2018), Office of Naval Research (2018), Salk Institute for Biological Studies/Fondation Ipsen (2018), The National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017), The Wonderful Company (2017), Department of Defense (2017); receives research/education support through BWH from Cephalon, Mary Ann & Stanley Snider via Combined Jewish Philanthropies, Jazz Pharmaceuticals PLC Inc (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020), Philips Respironics Inc (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (2018, 2019, 2020), Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd, Sanofi SA, Optum, ResMed, San Francisco Bar Pilots, Sanofi, Schneider, Simmons, Sysco, Philips, Vanda Pharmaceuticals; is/was an expert witness in legal cases, including those involving Advanced Power Technologies, Aegis Chemical Solutions LLC (2019), Amtrak (2019); Casper Sleep Inc (2019), C&J Energy Services (2019), Complete General Construction Co (2017), Dallas Police Association (2019), Enterprise Rent-A-Car (2019), Espinal Trucking/Eagle Transport Group LLC/Steel Warehouse Inc (2017, 2018, 2019), FedEx, Greyhound Lines Inc/Motor Coach Industries/FirstGroup America (2017, 2018, 2019), Pomerado Hospital/Palomar Health District (2017, 2018), PAR Electrical Contractors Inc (2019), Product & Logistics Services LLC/Schlumberger Technology Corp/Gelco Fleet Trust (2019), Puckett Emergency Medical Services LLC (2019), South Carolina Central Railroad Company LLC (2017, 2018), Union Pacific Railroad (2019), United Parcel Service/UPS Ground Freight Inc (2017, 2018), and Vanda Pharmaceuticals (2019, 2020); serves as the incumbent of an endowed professorship provided to Harvard University by Cephalon, Inc.; and receives royalties from McGraw Hill, and Philips Respironics (2017, 2018, 2019) for the Actiwatch-2 and Actiwatch Spectrum devices. Dr. Czeisler’s interests were reviewed and are managed by the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Mass General Brigham in accordance with their conflict of interest policies.
Funding Information:
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: 1R01OH011773 (National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety), K01HL150339 and 5T32 (National Institute of the Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health). R01DA051321 and R01MD011600 (National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health), and R01DA051321 (National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health).
Funding Information:
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: 1R01OH011773 (National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety), K01HL150339 and 5T32 (National Institute of the Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health). R01DA051321 and R01MD011600 (National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health), and R01DA051321 (National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health).
Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2020.
Keywords
- Employee Assistance Programs
- awareness
- education/communications
- health communications
- interventions
- population health
- sleep health
- strategies
- worksite wellness
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Health(social science)
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health