Crusader Military Activities on the Carmel Coast: the typology, imaging, and metallography of three swords

This article examines Crusader military activities along the Carmel Coast through a detailed analysis of three swords recovered from the marine environment. By employing typological classification, imaging techniques, and metallographic study, we elucidate the swords’ construction, dating, and contextual significance within the twelfth and thirteenth centuries ad. The findings provide insights into the forging techniques of medieval artisans and highlight the Carmel Coast's strategic and military importance during the Crusades. This research contributes to a broader understanding of the maritime and military dynamics in the region during a pivotal historical period.