Biological productivity during sapropel S5 formation in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Evidence from stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon

We determined ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratios in modern surface and sapropel S5 sediments of the Mediterranean Sea to clarify differences in the nutrient regime associated with sapropel formation. In the modern situation, high δ¹⁵N of unused nitrate (15-20‰) remaining in the surface waters during the winter phytoplankton bloom evidences P-limitation of biological production in winter. δ¹⁵N of surface sediments decrease towards the east of the basin (5 to >2.5‰). This is a consequence of either eastward increasing nitrogen fixation during the summer months, or of particulate matter being supplied predominantly by the P-limited winter bloom. Very low (- 1-1‰) δ¹⁵N values in sapropel S-5 from four locations require a very light source of nutrient-N assimilated at a minimum of ten times the modern export flux. Because the isochronous records show no spatial gradient in δ¹⁵N, we exclude both Ekman-type upwelling and direct riverine discharge as likely sources of nutrients. Our data are consistent with an anti-estuarine thermohaline circulation in the upper 500m during S5 time, allowing for the trapping of nutrients in the eastern basin. The most likely scenario for S5 is that phosphorus release from a relatively shallow redox boundary resulted in an imbalanced supply of N:P(<16:1) to the photic zone. The result was a slow assimilation of carbon during summer stratification and extensive N₂-fixation providing the majority of the export flux from a N-limited system.