Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) store fats and play critical roles in lipid and energy homeostasis. They form between the leaflets of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and consist of a neutral lipid core wrapped in a phospholipid monolayer with proteins. Two types of ER-LD architecture are thought to exist and be essential for LD functioning. Maturing LDs either emerge from the ER into the cytoplasm, remaining attached to the ER by a narrow membrane neck, or stay embedded in the ER and are surrounded by ER membrane. Here, we identify a lipid-based mechanism that controls which of these two architectures is favored. Theoretical modeling indicated that the intrinsic molecular curvatures of ER phospholipids can determine whether LDs remain embedded in or emerge from the ER; lipids with negative intrinsic curvature such as diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidylethanolamine favor LD embedding, while those with positive intrinsic curvature, like lysolipids, support LD emergence. This prediction was verified by altering the lipid composition of the ER in S. cerevisiae using mutants and the addition of exogenous lipids. We found that fat-storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 (FIT2) homologs become enriched at sites of LD generation when biogenesis is induced. DAG accumulates at sites of LD biogenesis, and FIT2 proteins may promote LD emergence from the ER by reducing DAG levels at these sites. Altogether, our findings suggest that cells regulate LD integration in the ER by modulating ER lipid composition, particularly at sites of LD biogenesis and that FIT2 proteins may play a central role in this process. Maturing lipid droplets (LDs) either emerge from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into the cytoplasm or stay embedded in the ER. Choudhary and Golani et al. provide theoretical and experimental evidence that ER-LD architecture is controlled by the intrinsic molecular curvatures of phospholipids in the ER membrane, particularly at LD biogenesis sites.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 915-926.e9 |
Journal | Current Biology |
Volume | 28 |
Issue number | 6 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 19 Mar 2018 |
Externally published | Yes |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2018
Keywords
- diacylglycerol
- endoplasmic reticulum
- fat-storage-inducing transmembrane protein
- lipid droplets
- lysolipids
- membrane binding energy
- membrane curvature
- phospholipid intrinsic curvature
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General Neuroscience
- General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
- General Agricultural and Biological Sciences