Arabic Poetry as a Mirror of Social Critique and Individualism in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean: A Study of Social Criticism in ‘Abbāsid Poetry

This study examines how Arabic poetry functioned as a social-cultural medium in the medieval Eastern Mediterranean, focusing on its role as a vehicle for social criticism during the 'Abbāsid period (750–1050 CE). The research analyzes how poetry engaging everyday experiences developed distinctive expressive strategies responding to social changes. Through close readings and historical context analysis, it identifies six key characteristics: linguistic democratization through vernacular, stylistic simplification, direct social confrontation, quotidian imagery, satirical reconfiguration, and innovative linguistic modalities. The research demonstrates poetry's evolution from a traditional cultural archive (dīwān) to an effective criticism tool for marginalized groups.The transition of poets to a professional status fundamentally changed relationships between artistry and power. By examining literary expression and socio-economic changes, this research provides insights into Baghdad-centred 'Abbāsid society, highlighting how artistic expression challenged and reshaped social realities.