TY - JOUR
T1 - A Remember/Know Examination of Free-recall Reveals Dissociative Roles of Item- and Context-Information over Time
AU - Sadeh, Talya
AU - Moran, Rani
AU - Stern, Yonatan
AU - Goshen-Gottstein, Yonatan
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2018, The Author(s).
PY - 2018/12/1
Y1 - 2018/12/1
N2 - It is well-established that the ability to freely recall information is driven by the extent to which the context at encoding is reinstated at retrieval. Still, when asked to judge the subjective quality of one’s memories giving Remember/Know (R/K) judgments, people tend to classify a substantial proportion of recalls as being devoid of context. We suggest that R- and K-recalls differ with regard to their reliance on context- and item-information, with R-recalls driven primarily by contextual-information (e.g., associations evoked by the study-items) and K-recalls driven primarily by information pertaining to the items (e.g., semantic information). Memory was tested both immediately after study and in a final free-recall test conducted ~20 minutes after encoding—a timescale which is akin to real-life events. In line with our predictions, as compared to K-recalls, R-recalls show stronger contextual effects, but similarly strong item-related effects over these timescales. Furthermore, drawing on theories regarding the forgetting of item- and contextual information, we hypothesized and found that R- and K-recalls are differentially affected by the passage of time. Our findings provide several converging pieces of evidence for differential roles of item and contextual information in driving recall and thus highlight the need to extend longstanding theories of free-recall to account for cases in which recall relies less on context.
AB - It is well-established that the ability to freely recall information is driven by the extent to which the context at encoding is reinstated at retrieval. Still, when asked to judge the subjective quality of one’s memories giving Remember/Know (R/K) judgments, people tend to classify a substantial proportion of recalls as being devoid of context. We suggest that R- and K-recalls differ with regard to their reliance on context- and item-information, with R-recalls driven primarily by contextual-information (e.g., associations evoked by the study-items) and K-recalls driven primarily by information pertaining to the items (e.g., semantic information). Memory was tested both immediately after study and in a final free-recall test conducted ~20 minutes after encoding—a timescale which is akin to real-life events. In line with our predictions, as compared to K-recalls, R-recalls show stronger contextual effects, but similarly strong item-related effects over these timescales. Furthermore, drawing on theories regarding the forgetting of item- and contextual information, we hypothesized and found that R- and K-recalls are differentially affected by the passage of time. Our findings provide several converging pieces of evidence for differential roles of item and contextual information in driving recall and thus highlight the need to extend longstanding theories of free-recall to account for cases in which recall relies less on context.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85053211211&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1038/s41598-018-31401-w
DO - 10.1038/s41598-018-31401-w
M3 - Article
C2 - 30202118
AN - SCOPUS:85053211211
SN - 2045-2322
VL - 8
JO - Scientific Reports
JF - Scientific Reports
IS - 1
M1 - 13493
ER -