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A reassesment: Is the cone-shaped object held by the genii in Aššurnasirpal II's palace at Kalhu a citron?

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceedingChapterpeer-review

Abstract

This article proposes that the cone-shaped object held by genii displayed on the walls of Aššurnasirpal II's Northwest Palace at Kalhu is a citron (Citrus medica). This identification was first raised by Emanuel Bonavia in 1870 but then rejected. The Assyrians called the cone-shaped object a purifier (mullilu), and pharmacological research has shown that the citron has important purification and medicinal properties, strengthening the identification. Lastly, an argument is proffered explaining how the citron, known as etrog, arrived in Judah, an essential component in the Succot festival.

Original languageEnglish
Title of host publicationMortals, Deities and Divine Symbols
Subtitle of host publicationRethinking Ancient Images from the Levant to Mesopotamia: Studies Offered to Tallay Ornan
PublisherArchaeopress
Pages49-60
Number of pages12
ISBN (Electronic)9781803272948
ISBN (Print)9781803272931
StatePublished - 29 May 2025

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© The individual authors and Archaeopress 2025. All rights reserved.

Keywords

  • Aššurnasirpal II
  • Citron
  • Citrus medica
  • Etrog
  • Genii
  • Kalnu
  • Mullilu
  • Perfume
  • Purifier

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Social Sciences
  • General Arts and Humanities

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