אימתי משדל ואימתי מבצע באמצעות אחר?

How does Israeli criminal law distinguish between criminal accessories concerning perpetration by means of another, and solicitation? Our case study concerns criminal organization (Master criminal). Criminal commission involves the participation of multiple actors who hold different positions. The distinction between perpetration by means of another and solicitation can be clarified on three levels: First, as far as the other person cannot decide by himself or cannot make a choice, he shall be perceived as an instrument by which the criminal commission is being exerted. Second, a solicited person is a culpable person (who can be persuaded, encouraged, etc.); however, in perpetration by means of another, the “other” is either not a culpable person, or a culpable person of a less severe crime (negligence). Third, solicitation targets the mental level, whereas perpetration by means of another targets the physical level.Regarding the case of Master criminals, the Court’s principal position is that of treating him similar to the joint-perpetrator. The Court’s principal position has been rejected in the legal literature; however, a considerable dispute remains regarding whether to classify the Master criminals as perpetrators by means of another or as solicitors. We propose to treat the case of Master criminals as a particular case that justifies special discussion of the fundamental law on criminal accessories, thus holding that the classic-conservative conditions of joint-perpetration are also met in the case of the Master criminals, yet through an alternative terminology, namely: “Mutual Consent” instead of“Joint Decision,” and “Mutual Commission” instead of “Joint Commission”. In any case,we also propose that in cases where Master criminals cannot be viewed as joint-perpetrators, they shall be treated as perpetrators by means of another but not as a solicitors.